The Influence of Media to Female Audiences Free Essays

In the current condition of society, the media has set itself as one of the most significant foundations in which impacts the majority through the point of view that it has. One of the most apparent and dubious issues that media had brought is the status of the female. There had been numerous issues in regards to females in which some find exceptionally fascinating and in any event, corrupting for a few. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influence of Media to Female Audiences or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now One of the most widely recognized issues for females is the issue of body structure. In the media, it is significant that an individual perhaps ready to keep up the body a solid body. In any case, a sound body promptly implies that a female ought to have a thin and slim body. Having a thin and slim body for the media naturally implies being sound and being lovely. Be that as it may, at that point, this sort of issue had been a worry of certain females in which repudiates the perspective on the media. It is realized that each individual has their own body type. Others may have a thin body or some may have a pear formed body. It is likewise perceived that we can't pick the kind of body that we need in light of the fact that more often than not it is organic in nature. In association with the worries of the media in regards to the body, it is by one way or another unreasonable for those that can't and would not accomplish the body wherein they see as lovely. Obviously, every lady and even men need to be known as lovely. Each and everybody need to be perceived and seen as excellent yet the media had just set their standards in their view of what is wonderful or not. Despite the fact that the media is still in inconsistency to the theory of individuals that they are in reality setting a measure for ladies and their body, it is apparent in magazines and TV programs that the media sees a slim ladies are a lot of delightful than the ordinary ones. As a proof, numerous famous people and models are thin. The greater part of them have a body where customary people would not actually have like Misha Barton, Paris Hilton, Angelina Jolie, Jennifer Aniston and so on. These personalities’ uncovered a body in which is flawless in the perspective on the media. They are frequently observed as hot and exciting entertainers in which could convey them selves well. In honorary pathway evenings or even little gatherings, they are viewed as excellent. Then again, superstars who are somewhat heavier or has a much awe-inspiring body isn't acknowledged as much contrasted with slim famous people. In magazine covers, thin on-screen characters or models are regularly included. Each release of the magazine presents a thin female wherein frequently groups a hot picture. Be that as it may, surprising females in the media are not frequently given this chance. In the event that they can model for a magazine this is on the grounds that they have accomplished something significant or they magazine advocates surprising ladies. The constant introduction of the media of these sorts of ladies impacts the general public and their view towards the body. It could be seen that numerous ladies have made an idea that they ought to and must resemble these Hollywood stars so as to be completely acknowledged by the general public. Any lady might want to be perceived as somebody â€Å"beautiful† according to the general public. Ladies began to cause routes so as to mimic the famous people. A few ladies attempt to practice and diminish their food in take for them to resemble these VIPs. In any case, this procedure isn't sufficient for certain ladies. There are those ladies that might want better and guaranteed results for their bodies. Some outcome to plastic medical procedure which is the quickest method to dispose of overabundance fat or fix their tricky zones. Besides, there are ladies in which results to undesirable weight lost exercises, for example, bulimia or anorexia. Step by step instructions to refer to The Influence of Media to Female Audiences, Papers

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs

Showcasing Essays Customer Product Needs Client Product Needs Promoting is the way toward distinguishing client needs and afterward acquainting an item concurring with those requirements. Advertisers present items in the market so we can devour ordinary. At the point when we purchase an item we pay for advertising each time. Showcasing goes about as a significant job in our day by day lives. Advertising is fundamentally fulfilling client needs which increment the personal satisfaction and better way of life. There are two principle parties associated with promoting purchasers and merchants. Advertising incorporates the exercises of an organization related with purchasing and selling an item or administration. So as to sell the items advertisers attempt to advance their items by various kinds of medium. The most celebrated sort is announcements and signs. The web has been the most simplest and compelling method of elevating items to the clients. Magazines, T.V, Radio and papers are different methods of presenting items. Advertising is tied in wi th offering, conveying items to shoppers, advancement of new items to draw in clients. There are numerous meanings of showcasing. One of the extraordinary administration masterminds Peter Drucker said something which goes about as a decent token of the estimation of good advertising: The point of advertising is to know and comprehend the client so well; the item or administration fits him and sells itself. †Peter Drucker http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html Promoting Communication: Promoting correspondence is partitioned into 4 highlights: Publicizing: Publicizing is transmitting data to the clients by different sorts of media by paying entirety measure of cash. It is essentially to draw in the clients to purchase the items. All together words promoting is an exposure to impact the individuals to buy the particular item. Publicizing media incorporates T.V, paper, film, radio, banners, bulletins and web. It advances the items and attempts to persuade the shoppers to purchase an item by pressure that it is more alluring for them than others. Publicizing should be possible by the associations, businesses just as by people. Promoting can likewise be utilized consolidating with other advertising correspondences. The measure of publicizing in UK can be perceived through banners, announcements and T.V. It has been assessed that the beverages business spends over  £200 million on publicizing and that somewhere in the range of 1 and 2 level of national pay is spent on promoting in United Kingdom. http://www.answers.com/subject/advertising?cat=biz-balance Deals advancement: Deals advancements are the great proposals to convince the clients to purchase products and ventures. Typically to increment in the deals of an association for the brief time frame and in some cases to sold out the old stock. These are the secrets to trap the client for the specific item. There are assortments of deals advancements strategies to that a business can use to make items engaging. A portion of the techniques are as under: Rebate vouchers: Clients been sent the coupons, or they themselves remove from the magazines and papers which empowers them to get the specific item in low cost by demonstrating the coupon. Rivalries: Once in a while when a client buy an item, permits them to enter the attract to win a prize (for example money, vehicles, gadgets, air tickets and so forth.) Unconditional presents: Here and there when the item is purchased by the clients they get another item free with it or some of the time various prizes in a flash. Dependability cards: These are those cards which permit the clients to procure focuses on the cards when they purchase items, later on which can be recovered as money or merchandise. (for example Tesco club card, nectar and so forth.) Faithfulness cards have become the most significant splendid type of deals advancement. http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm Advertising: Open connection doesn’t manage the item and administrations. It principally bargains in making great relations between representatives or clients. The essential capacity is to have the trust of open comprehension. Instances of advertising are laborer planning, backing of beneficent occasions and so forth. In this sort of advertising correspondence the association focused on the expansion in deals by improving the picture of the organization and item. http://www.learnthat.com/characterize/view.asp?id=52 Direct advertising: Pass on of publicizing message legitimately to the shopper on singular premise through a medium. The primary contrast between direct showcasing and other sort of advancement is that you have close connection with the necessities of the client and prevail with regards to conveying a message. http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html Incorporated Marketing Communication: The administration of the association is arranged so that all the element of promoting correspondence cooperate rather then permits them to work independently. As referenced above showcasing correspondence incorporates deals advancement, promoting, direct advertising and advertising. Incorporated promoting correspondence smart thought for making business more benefit. All the advertising correspondence offices cooperate for the advancement and gainfully of an association. They organization utilize just one methodology towards everything. Incorporated Marketing Communication is more than the administration of a companys active message between various media and the unwavering quality of the message all through. It is a ruinous promoting plan that catches and uses a huge measure of client data in setting and following advertising technique. It tends to be likewise characterizes as an all encompassing way to deal with advance purchasing and selling of computerized economy. An administration idea which is principally intended to make all parts of showcasing correspondence, for example, publicizing, deals advancement, advertising, and direct promoting cooperate as a consolidated power, instead of permitting each to work in remoteness. Practically speaking, the objective of Integrated Marketing Communication is to make a solitary appearance or message in all essentials of a promoting effort. A fruitful incorporated promoting correspondence plan ought to be tweak what is required by the customer dependent on schedule, financial plan and assets to arrive at the objective or objectives. Independent company can begin a coordinated promoting correspondence plan on a little spending plan by making a site, email and SEO. An enormous business association can begin a coordinated correspondence plan on a bigger spending plan than a little association. They can utilize things like print, mail request radio, TV in addition to numerous other online advertisement battl es. The fundamental focus on the end is to sell their item. Television is utilized so as to get the age mindful of the item where as Prints are utilized to teach the general population and Radio is likewise used to keep the message conveyed on the highest point of the psyche. There are 3 Ps which one needs to recollect in coordinated advertising correspondence which are the first is for item. This implies generally speaking everything is accomplished for the clients. What are customer prerequisites and what they want? The products they are searching for and what are the advantages in requests, and what are the unfulfilled requests. The subsequent P is the cost. One needs to take a gander at the cost which the clients are searching for. What is their impression of the expense of the merchandise and what amount are they ready to pay and ready to spend. The third P is for the spot or dispersion. This implies where to sell their merchandise, and which is the most ideal spot to advance you emotionally. David Ogilvy thinks IMC implies giving â€Å"one stop shopping†, setting up your office to convey all the capacities a customer should purchase, and figuring out how to oversee them together. Possibly this is a tail. David further said that IMC might be the way to escaping from the ailment of discussing imagination constantly and returning to concentrate on deals. This is in any event leg. Incorporated Marketing Communication can likewise be called as coordination of every single limited time device. The entirety of the specialized devices work better in the event that they cooperate in understanding as opposed to working independently. While various offices, for example, deals, regular postal mail and promoting can help each other through Data Integration. This requires a promoting data framework which gathers and offers significant information across various offices. Advertising and interchanges destinations must help the more elevated level corporate goals and corporate missions. http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm Advertising interchanges includes five general classes: Individual selling, publicizing, advertising, direct showcasing and deals advancements. Every ha its own arrangement of advantages and disadvantages and can be practiced in an assortment of ways. Be that as it may, the key is to take a gander at the accessible alternatives in a thorough manner and to guarantee consistency all through the chose media. The choice of specialized strategies is dependent upon an assortment of elements. The components that impact the determination and adequacy of a limited time blend include: †¢ Nature of the market (showcase size, geographic degree, sort of client, and so forth.) †¢ Nature of the item (intricacy of the item, administration prerequisites, and so on.) †¢ Stage in the item life-cycle (prior versus later phases of the existence cycle) †¢ Price (high versus low unit cost) †¢ Funds accessible for advancement This subsidizing point is exceptionally pertinent to all organizations. Planning is a basic capacity of the IMC procedure. The accompanying things sway the spending judgments: †¢ Percentage-of-deals technique (a predetermined level of either past or estimated deals) †¢ Fixed-aggregate per-unit technique (foreordained dollar sum for every unit sold or delivered) †¢ Meeting rivalry technique (coordinate competitor’s limited time expenses) †¢ Task-target technique (sum and kind of limited time spending expected to accomplish special Objectives) Points of interest of Integrated Marketing Communication: The key advanta

What to Do if Your Teen Refuses to Go to Counseling

What to Do if Your Teen Refuses to Go to Counseling Psychotherapy Print What to Do if Your Teen Refuses to Go to Counseling By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 02, 2020 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Some teens are happy to go to therapy. They enjoy talking to an objective adult who can assist with some of their problems. Not all teens are on board with therapy, however. And convincing a reluctant teen to go to counseling can feel like an uphill battle. It leaves parents asking questions like, Should I force my child to see a therapist? Can I bribe my kid to go? Should I just give up on the idea of therapy? If you suspect your teen has  a mental health problem, behavior disorder, or substance abuse issue, treatment is important. There are several things you can do to help your teen get the treatment he needs.   Should You Force Your Teen to Get Treatment? Dragging your teen to see a counselor isn’t likely to be effective. After all, how  comfortable would you be talking to a stranger if someone forced you to do it? A teen who feels forced to get treatment isn’t likely to be motivated to change.  So even if they get dragged to their appointments, they arent likely to talk about their issuesâ€"at least not in a productive manner.   Thats not to say you shouldnt make it mandatory that your teen attend at least a few appointments. Sometimes, a skilled therapist can help a teen feel more comfortable after a few a sessions. And sometimes, a teen who tells you he hates therapy or that he doesnt need help, might be talking openly to a therapist. He might just not want you to know that he actually likes therapy. Of course, there may be times when your teen needs help regardless of whether he agrees. If hes at risk of hurting himself or someone else, call 911 or take him to the emergency room. If hes engaging in risky behavior, like hes drugs, treatment should be mandatory because hes not capable of making healthy choices on his own. How to Bring Up the Subject With Your Teen If you think your teen might need counseling, the way you bring up the subject is very important. The first conversation you have will likely set the tone for your teens attitude about therapy. It’s common  for teens to be embarrassed by their problems and it can be hard for them to admit they need help. So its important to avoid sending a message that could cause him to feel ashamed. Dont imply your teen is crazy or that shes not smart enough to make good choices.   Instead, share why you think counseling is important and how it could be helpful. Ask for input from your teen and be willing to listen to your teens opinions. Say something like, I wonder if it would be helpful for you to have someone to talk to besides me. Or say, I dont always know how to help you with problems so I wonder if it could be helpful for you to talk to someone who works with teens. Talk to Your Teens Doctor Whether you are concerned about possible ADHD, or you think your teen may have depression, start by talking  to your teen’s primary care physician. A doctor can assess your teens needs and help determine whether your teen needs counseling. If further treatment is necessary, a doctor can identify the most appropriate services and treatment professionals for your child. Even if your teen isn’t willing to attend those services, understanding your options and resources is important. If your teen isn’t willing to listen to your recommendations about how counseling can be helpful, he may be willing to listen to his physician. His doctor may be able to explain how counseling works and how treatment could address the symptoms. Options if Your Teen Refuses Counseling If your teen refuses to go to counseling, don’t despair. You still have several options about how to get help. Seek counseling on your own without your teen. Often, parent-training can be one of the most effective ways to help teens.  A therapist may be able to teach you how to coach your child. If your teen knows youre going to counseling to talk about him, he might also be interested in going to share his side of the story.Speak with your teen’s school guidance counselor. Discuss whether there are any services available within the school system to help your child. A teen who wont meet with a counselor outside of school may be willing to speak with a guidance counselor.Create a contract with your teen.  If its a mild issue that youre concerned about, create a contract with your teen. Tell your teen he has to go to a certain number of sessions, such as five, before he can make a decision about whether to continue treatment.  Consider online counseling. Sometimes, teens who wont speak to someone face-to-face will consider talking to a therapist online. Online treatment isnt appropriate for e very condition so its important to talk to a therapist or your teens physician about the potential pros and cons before you begin treatment.   What to Do If You Suspect Your Teen Has a Mental Illness

Biography of Mary Sibley, Salem Witch Trials Witness

Mary Sibley (April 21, 1660–ca. 1761) was a key but minor figure in the historical record of the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts Colony of 1692. She was the neighbor of the Parris family who advised John Indian to make a witch’s cake. The denouncing of that act has been seen as one of the triggers of the witch craze that followed. Fast Facts: Mary Sibley Known For: Key role in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692Born: April 21, 1660 in Salem, Essex County, MassachusettsParents: Benjamin and Rebecca Canterbury WoodrowDied: c. 1761Education: UnknownSpouse: Samuel Sibley (or Siblehahy or Sibly), February 12, 1656/1257–1708. m. 1686Children: At least 7 Early Life Mary Sibley was a real person, born Mary Woodrow on April 21, 1660 in Salem, in Essex County, Massachusetts. Her parents, Benjamin Woodrow (1635–1697) and Rebecca Canterbury (spelled Catebruy or Cantlebury, 1630–1663), were born in Salem to parents from England. Mary had at least one brother Jospeh/Joseph, born about 1663. Rebecca died when Mary was about 3 years old. Nothing is known of her education, but in 1686, when Mary was about 26 years old, she married Samuel Sibley.  Their first two children were born before 1692, one was born in 1692 (a son, William), and four more were born after the events at Salem, after 1693. Samuel Sibleys Connection to Salem Accusers Mary Sibleys husband had a sister Mary, who was married to Captain Jonathan Walcott or  Wolcott, and their daughter was Mary Wolcott. Mary Wolcott became one of the accusers of witches in the Salem community in May 1692 when she was about 17 years old. Those she accused included  Ann Foster. Mary Wolcott’s father John had remarried after Samuels sister Mary died, and Mary Wolcotts new stepmother was Deliverance Putnam Wolcott, a sister of Thomas Putnam, Jr.  Thomas Putnam Jr. was  one of the accusers at Salem as were his wife and daughter, Ann Putnam, Sr. and Ann Putnam, Jr. Salem 1692 In January of 1692, two girls in the home of the Rev. Samuel Parris, Elizabeth (Betty) Parris  and  Abigail Williams, ages 9 and 12,  began exhibiting very strange symptoms, and a  Caribbean slave, Tituba, also experienced images of the devil—all according to later testimony.  A doctor diagnosed the â€Å"Evil Hand† as the cause, and Mary Sibley offered the idea of the witch’s cake to John Indian, a Caribbean slave of the Parris family. The primary evidence in the trial against the group was the witchs cake, a common folk magic tool made using the urine of the afflicted girls. Supposedly, sympathetic magic meant that the evil afflicting them would be in the cake, and, when a dog consumed the cake, it would point to the witches who had afflicted them.  While this was apparently a known practice in English folk culture to identify likely witches, the Rev. Parris in his Sunday sermon denounced even such well-intentioned  uses of magic, as they could also be â€Å"diabolical† (works of the devil). The witchs cake didnt stop the afflictions of the two girls.  Instead, two additional girls began to show some afflictions:  Ann Putnam Jr.,  connected to Mary Sibley through her husbands brother-in-law, and Elizabeth Hubbard. Confession and Restoration Mary Sibley confessed in church that she had erred, and the congregation acknowledged their satisfaction with her confession by a show of hands. She probably thereby avoided being accused as a witch. The next month, the town records note her suspension from communion and restoration to full congregational inclusion when she made her confession. March 11, 1692 – Mary, the wife of Samuel Sibley, having been suspended from communion with the church there, for the advices she gave John [husband of Tituba] to make the above experiment, is restored on confession that her purpose was innocent. Neither Mary nor Samuel Sibley appears on the 1689 register of covenanted church members of the Salem Village church, so they must have joined after that date. According to genealogical records, she lived well into her nineties, dying about 1761. Fictional Representations In the 2014 Salem-based supernatural scripted series  from WGN America, Salem,  Janet Montgomery stared as Mary Sibley, who in this fictional representation is an actual witch. She is, in the fictional universe, the most powerful witch in Salem.  Her maiden name is Mary Walcott, similar but not the same as the maiden name, Woodrow, of the real-life Mary Sibley. Another Mary Walcott in the real Salem universe was one of the key accusers at age 17, a niece of Ann Putnam Sr. and cousin of Ann Putnam Jr. That Mary Walcott (or Wolcott) in the real Salem was a niece of Samuel Sibley, husband of the Mary Sibley who baked the witchs cake.  The producers of the  Salem  series seem to have combined the characters of Mary Walcott and Mary Sibley, niece, and aunt, to create a completely fictionalized character. In the pilot of the series, the fictional Mary Sibley assists her husband in throwing up a frog. In this version of the Salem witch history, Mary Sibley is married to George Sibley and is a former lover of John Alden (who is much younger in the show than he was in the real Salem.) The Salem  show even introduced a character, Countess Marburg, a German witch  and terrible villain who has had an unnaturally long life.  At the end of Season 2, Tituba and the Countess die, but Mary goes on for another season. Ultimately, Mary comes to wholeheartedly regret her choices. She and her lover are reconciled and fight for the future together. Sources Ancestry.com.  Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988  [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.  Original data:  Town and City Clerks of Massachusetts.  Massachusetts Vital and Town Records. Provo, UT: Holbrook Research Institute (Jay and Delene Holbrook).  Note that the image clearly shows 1660 as the birth date, though the text at the site interprets it as 1666.Mary Sibley. Geni, January 22, 2019.Yates Publishing.  U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900  [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.Jalalzai, Zubeda. Historical Fiction and Maryse Condà ©s I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem. African American Review 43.2/3 (2009): 413–25.Latner, Richard. Here Are No Newters: Witchcraft and Religious Discord in Salem Village and Andover. The New England Quarterly 79.1 (2006): 92–122.Ray, Benjamin C. The Salem Witch Mania: Recent Scholarship and American History Textbooks. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78.1 (2010): 40–64.Satans War against the Covenant in Salem Village, 1692. The New England Quarterly 80.1 (2007): 69–95.

Examining the Concept of Justice - 1923 Words

Examining the Concept of Justice Introduction Over the decades, the concept of justice has been continually evolving. This is occurring based upon different moral or legal interpretations. Evidence of this can be seen with observations from Burke (2011) who said, Few things are of more importance to a society than its concept of justice. This is because it is justice that provides criterion for the legitimate use of force. In the name of justice people are detained, arrested, handcuffed, put on trial and punished. This concept is used to provide every society with some kind of social order. Over the last 200 years, a revolution has taken place with these principles. Our idea of it is what we employ, when dealing with ordinary individuals in daily life including: making agreements, paying bills, resolving disputes and putting criminals in jail. This is a concept that is as old as recorded history and it is familiar to people everywhere. What makes it so unique is that these ideas are constantly changing which focuses on society a s a whole and how people are interacting with each other. (Burke) This is illustrating how the concept of justice is continually evolving based upon changing social norms and values. To fully understand what is taking place requires focusing on moral justice and how it is influencing society. This will be accomplished by studying one of the selections from the justice section in the book World of Ideas. Together, these elements will provideShow MoreRelatedEssay on Platos Republic Justified1084 Words   |  5 Pagesfellow philosophers attempting to isolate the concept of justice in the soul. In order to accomplish this task, they hypothesize that justice can occur both in the city as well as and the soul. Because the philosophers are more familiar with the workings of a city than the soul, they try to find justice by creating the ideal city, or Kallipolis. 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In his article â€Å"The Classic Debate†, American legal philosopher Joel Feinberg lays out the main points of discourse between the two major theories of justified punishment, which I will deconstruct. Feinberg asserts that there are two main theories used to justifyRead MoreGlobal Education - Senior Study of Society Rationale1225 Words   |  5 Pagesskills required to value and protect the people of this world and the environment. This involves examining and understanding global problems (such as climate change, genocide, conflict and famine), history, and cultural diversity. The world in which we live is ever evolving, and challenging past views and knowledge. It is becoming ever more interconnected and interdependent. This is evident by examining trade policy, travel and tourism trends, Internet accessibility, and global politics REF. We are

Occupational Health and Safety Act Free Essays

†¢ The Occupational Health and Safety Act provides us with the framework and the tools to achieve this goal.†¢ Changes to the Act in 1990 and subsequent years continued the evolution of occupational health and safety legislation in Ontario. These improvements are based on our experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Health and Safety Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Occupational injuries and illnesses have been present throughout history: – Ancient Egypt: stonemasons with respiratory problems– Industrial Revolution: introduction of new materials/ processes (asbestos, oils)†¢ OHS first evident in late 1800’s in Ontario with the passage of legislation establishing safety standards .By the 1900’s every province had laws that regulated heating , lighting, ventilation, hygiene, fire safety, and accident reporting†¢ 1974 was the start of the OHS system that we see today. The Royal Commission on the Health and Safety of Workers in Mines was formed by the Ontario government.†¢ This commission was the first to articulate the 3 principle rights of workers. These 3 rights still enshrine out current legislation and provides the basis for the OHS programming in Canada.1. The right to refuse dangerous work without a penalty2. The right to participate in identifying and correcting health and safety problems3. The right to know about hazards in the workplace Current OHSA. The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) was created to ensure a safe working environment†¢ Encompasses several regulations to cover various industries, working environments, and hazards†¢ Allows for quantifiable guidelines on exposure to hazards †¢ Used in combination with other Acts and Codes to maintain every worker’s basic right: to leave work in the same state they entered Tragedies that changed the Safety Movement. †¢ Elliot Lake Minor Strike – 1974 – Workers on Strike to protest deplorable health and safety conditions. Catalyst for the health and safety act. †¢ Westray Mine Disaster 1992 – was the result of actions, omissions, mistakes, incompetence and neglect. Methane gas ignited killing 26 miners. Took several years (2003) amendment to the criminal code now hold corporations and their senior officers accountable for criminal negligence in the workplace. Internal Responsibility System (IRS). The internal responsibility system is the underlying philosophy of the occupational health and safety legislation in all Canadian Jurisdictions. Its foundation is that everyone in the workplace –both employees and employers –are responsible for his or her own safety and for the safety of co-workers Work and Workplace Not Covered. †¢ Work done by the owner or occupant, or a servant, in a private residence †¢ Farming operation†¢ Workplaces under the federal government– Post offices– Airlines and airports– Banks– Some grain elevators– Telecommunication companies– Trucking, shipping, and railway– Federal workers are covered under a different law: The Canada Labor Code The Rights of Workers. †¢ The Right to Participate: Workers have the right to part of the process of indentifying and resolving workplace health and safety†¢ The Right to Know: Right to know about any potential hazards to which they may be exposed. This is done through WHMIS†¢ The Right to Refuse Work: Right to refuse dangerous work. Duties of Employers. †¢ The Act imposes duties on those who have any degree of control over the workplace, the materials, and equipment in the workplace and direction of the workforce.†¢ There is a general duty on employers to take all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of workers. 12Duties of Supervisor. †¢ Supervisor shall ensure that the workers works in the manner and with the protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations; and†¢ The worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn. Duties of Supervisor. †¢ Advise a worker of the existence of any potential or actual danger to the health or safety of the worker of which the supervisor is aware;†¢ Provide a worker with written instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for protection of the worker; and†¢ Take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for the protection of a worker. †¢ Work in compliance with the provisions of this Act and the regulations;†¢ Use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn;†¢ Report to his or her employer or supervisor the absence of or defect in any equipment or protective device of which the worker is aware and which may endanger himself, herself or another worker; and†¢ Report to his or her employer or supervisor any contravention of this Act or the regulations or the existence of any hazard of which he or she knows. TO AVOID:†¢ Using or operating any equipment, machine, device or thing or work in a manner that may endanger himself, herself or any other worker; or†¢ Engaging in any prank, contest, feat of strength, unnecessary running, or rough conduct. 16Joint Health and Safety Committees. †¢ A joint health and safety committee is required:†¢ At a workplace at which twenty or more workers are regularly employed;†¢ At a workplace with respect to which an order to an employer is in effect under section 33; or†¢ At a workplace, other than a construction project where fewer than twenty workers are regularly employed, with respect to which a regulation concerning designated substances applies. Duties of the Committee. †¢ Identify situations that may be a source of danger or hazard to workers.†¢ Make recommendations to the employer and the workers for the improvement of the health and safety of workers.†¢ Recommend to the employer and the workers the establishment, maintenance and monitoring of programs, measures and procedures respecting the health or safety of workers.18Composition of the committee†¢ A committee shall consist of:– At least two persons, for a workplace where fewer than fifty workers are regularly employed.– At least four persons, for a workplace where fifty or more workers are regularly employed. How to cite Occupational Health and Safety Act, Papers

Impact the Pproject Management of Change Models

Question: How different models impact the management of change within projects? Answer: The agile approaches and the traditional method are examples of the change management techniques that are being use all over the world. The methodologies which are commonly known are the waterfall approach and the PMBOK and the one known as prince 2 which are used as good examples of the first type of technique. The incorporation of extreme programming comes after the first methodology hence it is known as the Scrum, Rational Unified process or RUP the Dynamic systems development method is the second and thus used in this context of approach. The way that the methods do manage the changes on the given project is diverse in nature and this makes it easy to concentrate on the other approaches such as the traditional and the agile to manage the changes in a broad category of the project perspective. Douglas said the failure of the efforts arises from the defective nature of the members he public and the presence of insider information that was circulating before the shares were issued i n the market (Thomas, 2013, p.344). The method of traditional inaptitude sometimes fails to respond appropriately because of the problems associated with time loss and complex nature of analyzing and processing items. A famous analyst by the name PMBOK (2013) said that there are detrimental variations which hinder the entire operation and thus they must be processed well and closely evaluated to enhance performing often a test of integration and control process. Wyscoki said the risk of the company being at liquation at the time of issuing these shares is another reason why there is need to consider the adoption of a new policy George, 2014, p.566). References Thomas, J. (2012. The Learning from project management implementation by applying a management innovation lens. Project Management Journal, 43(6), 7087. Wysocki, R. (2014). Effective project management: Traditional, agile, extreme (7th ed.). Indianapolis, England Herman press.

The Childhood Obesity in Toledo, Ohio Problem and Possible Solutions

My Work Ethics Essay

My Work Ethics Essay My Work Ethics Essay Crystal Briscoe Sept. 13, 2013 Management My Work Ethics My work ethics are to me about the same way I live in general. I live fast, work hard, and play right. I strive to do the best I can in general with everything that I do. In the work place, trust among workers mean a lot to me. I have to be able to trust my co-workers that they get their job done and correctly as they expect the same out of me. I really strive to be very dependable. I usually come at least a few minutes early to get situated and prepared for the day. If I know I’m going to be late, I call even if’s only going to be a few minutes. Sometimes I may have to call off work completely for a day. This is when I call my manager as soon as possible to let him/her know. I know how stressful it can be on the rest of the workers if they cannot find a replacement for my position. It hurts everyone if they don’t because that means they have to do my job and theirs. Teamwork is a lot of my work ethics also . Without teamwork, your job is never done. One person is not capable to do everything. When teamwork is done together and the job is completed, it feels good knowing that it is done. I think I have really good communication skills. I deal with the public every day and I enjoy it. Communicating with fellow workers makes my day go bye easier and I learn from them also. Respect goes a long way in the workforce. Without respect for one another, employees argue, fuss and fight. None of these factors belong in the workforce. A happy workplace is a healthy and usually a thriving company or job. I like to learn new things when I’m at work. To me, the more I

Invasive ductal carcinoma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Invasive ductal carcinoma - Research Paper Example A century and a half ago Rudolf Virchow’s seminal ideas linked inflammation with cancer; and opened avenues for comprehension of the scariest disease mankind continues to face. Virchow suggested the presence of â€Å"lymphoreticular infiltrate†, at the site of inflammation was indicative of cancer initiation. The researches in previous decade have offered support to the ideas of Virchow; that malignant tissues formed during cancers create an inflammatory microenvironment (Balkwill & Mantovani, 2001). Breast cancers arise from the epidermal lining of the terminal duct lobular unit. Cancerous cells either remain confined to the terminal duct lobular unit and the draining duct; or proliferate beyond the basement membrane to the adjacent tissue. While the former is referred to as in situ or non-invasive; the latter is called invasive or infiltrating carcinomas. A misnomer used in the classification of invasive carcinomas was ductal and lobular carcinomas; where the two were believed to arise from ducts and lobules respectively. It is now understood that both of these types of breast cancer have origin in the lobule. The invasive breast cancers are now classified on the basis of specific cellular growth patterns and morphology of cells. Breast cancers with distinct features are called invasive cancers of special type; and the rest referred to as of no special type (figure 1) (Sainsbury et al., 2000). Cancers of breasts are the most common affecting women, with 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancers reported from USA alone (ACS, 2014). Survival rates for breast cancer for women in the age range of 50-69 years, for five years is estimated to be 80%, for younger women it is slightly lower (Coleman et al., 2004). It is the second most common cause of death in women (first in case of Hispanic women) in USA (CDC, 2013). 72-80% of the cases of breast cancer are those of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The

Arts & Visual Literacy Exploring Visual Tactics and Strategies Assignment

Arts & Visual Literacy Exploring Visual Tactics and Strategies - Assignment Example The essay will relay more information on the visual literacy and some of the tactics used by Frida Kahlo as depicted in her portrait, â€Å"The Two Fridas†. The portrait is a full description of Frida’s two different personalities. On the right is the image of Frida holding an amulet, the amulet bears the image of Diego, her former husband. The image on the right portrays a Frida that was not only respected but also loved by Diego and the amulet having Diego’s image is evident how close they were while still couples (â€Å"Frida Kahlo Fans†). The image also Shows Frida wearing a Tehuana costume, this costume was always worn by native Mexican women and by wearing it, Frida portrayed her love for Diego who was a Mexican. Conversely, on the left is a very different Frida. Unlike the Frida on the right who is in love, the other Frida is in pain and anguish since she is no longer married. She is wearing a white Victorian wedding gown symbolizing she was once married and the wedding gown is the proof. Unlike the first Frida that was holding an amulet bearing Diego’s image, the Frida in white is holding surgical pincers. The amulet in Frida’s arms is the source of a vein that goes through the women’s hearts. The Frida in Tehuana costume is not bothered with the vein connecting her with Diego because she is in love; conversely, the rejected Frida has cut the vein linking her to Diego. Cutting the vein has caused bleeding and Frida is not able to stop it, this symbolizes that after the being divorced, she went through trauma to the extent that she felt like dying (â€Å"Frida Kahlo Fans†). The two Fridas hearts are exposed; the heart of Frida in love is whole whereas the divorced Frida has a broken heart. This is clear indication that Frida is in in agony after her lover left her and in the process left her heart incomplete with no one to

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Causes and Treatments

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Causes and Treatments Postoperative nausea and vomiting is the nausea and vomiting symptoms which occurred after a surgery, medicines intake or anaesthesia usage. Around 18 to 30 of surgical patients have PONV and the nausea and vomiting symptoms are usually self-limiting in most cases.1 Uncomplicated PONV usually resolve within 24 hours after an operation whereas intractable PONV involve various triggering factors and resist to medical treatment, making it harder to treat. Studies revealed that most patients dislike chronic PONV more than postoperative pain as it is a more distressing illness and it may lead to several serious clinical consequences if left untreated. In the case of repeated vomiting, PONV patients might suffer from dehydration and have a higher chance of developing hiatal hernia, a condition where the upper part of stomach protrudes into the thorax through the opening of diaphragm. Other than that, patients might also experience anorexia, gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, weakness, dizziness and nausea while not vomiting. Chronic vomiting can also cause complications like dental damage and sore throats due to exposure of oesophageal lining and mouth cavity to the low pH gastric acid. Moreover, PONV may induce serious problems like pulmonary aspiration, electrolyte abnormalities, wound dehiscence, increased pain and oesophageal rupture.4,5 Despite causing patients discomfort, patients also have to pay more for the delayed hospital discharge. Each incidence of vomiting has increased postanaesthetic care unit (PACU) stay duration by 20mins. Therefore, to reduce the unanticipated hospital admission and the financial burden broug ht by PONV, there is a need to understand the disease pathophysiology so that precise and mechanism-based treatment strategies can be developed to tackle the emesis problem. The vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) are the two main parts of the brain controlling the vomiting action. The vomiting centre is located within the medulla oblongata and the emesis action is initiated via the stimulation of five primary afferent pathways. They are the chemoreceptor trigger zone, vagal mucosal pathway of the gastrointestinal system, neuronal pathways from the vestibular apparatus system, inputs from the periphery glossopharyngeal nerve and reflex afferent pathways from  cerebral cortex C2,3 and midbrain afferents. Next, efferent nerve impulses are sent to various place of the body such as the pharynx, larynx, diaphragm, intercostals muscles and gut to initiate the vomiting reflex. During the ejection phase of the vomiting reflex, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles  simultaneously contract and the elevated intra-abdominal pressure leads to the throw up and expulsion of gastric contents. A variety of receptors are participated in the emesis action. They are the histaminergic(H1), dopaminergic(D2), serotonergic(5-HT3), muscarinic and neurokinin-1 receptors. Consequently, pharmacological agents which target on these receptors can be utilized to treat PONV. However, the British National Formulary (BNF) had advised that antiemetic agents should only be used once the causative factor for nausea and vomiting was identified. This is because the use of antiemetic is sometimes dangerous and inappropriate in clinical cases like diabetic ketoacidosis, digoxin or antiepileptic overdose.6 Hence, the aetiology and possible causative factors of PONV should be investigated to guide the planning of the pharmaceutical management steps and the antiemetic selection for treating PONV. There are patient-specific factors, surgical factors and anaesthetic risk factors which contribute to PONV prevalence. Patients who aged 6 to 16 year old, female, non-smoker, obese or have a history of motion sickness or PONV are proven to be the high-risk patient group. Moreover, patients who have chemotherapy, migraine and gastroparesis problems are also susceptible to PONV. Other causative factors include elevated intracranial pressure, metabolic abnormalities, gastroduodenal ulcers, dehydration and infections of the gastroesophageal lining. As for the surgical factors, PONV is related to the premedication side-effect, prolong fasting, conditions of gastric inflation during mask ventilation, use of long-acting opioids, nitrous oxide, volatile anaesthetics and high dose neostigmine in surgery. In addition, frequent head movement of patient and early intake of food after surgery can also potentiate the nausea problem.1 Some types of operations have higher chance of developing PONV, they are the gynaecological surgery, ear, nose and throat operation, intra-abdominal and squint correction surgery. Furthermore, the surgical duration is also an important contributor which predisposes patients to a higher risk of PONV. Every 30 minutes extension in surgical time can increase risk of PONV by 60% as patient is taking in more anaesthetics into the body. Hence, healthcare team should control and minimize the surgery duration such that risk of getting PONV is reduced. Although it is not relevant to discuss anaesthetic techniques in this case scenario, it is important to note that regional anaesthesia should be preferred over general anaesthesia during surgical process. According to SOGC guideline, there is an 11-fold increase in the PONV risk when using general anaesthesia rather than regional anaesthesia. Apart from that, volatile anaesthesia, long-acting opioid and neostigmine should also avoid in surgery as these agents predispose patient to PONV. If the use of general anaesthesia is unavoidable in a surgery, propofol can be a suitable induction agent because it induces less PONV incidence. A thorough assessment should be carried out to serve as a rationale for the management plan of PONV. The past medical history, frequency and nature of the vomiting episode, blood electrolyte test and physical examination can be evaluated to identify the severity of disease condition and the aetiology of PONV. Subsequently, the appropriate pharmacological agents which target on the responsible pathway of emesis can be given. Many antiemetic preparations are available in the market and patients can choose between formulations of solution, buccal tablets, rectal suppository and subcutaneous (SC), intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injections when oral route is not feasible.6 As no single agent provides complete control in emesis, most hospital has adopted a multimodal approach and a combination strategy where different antiemetics which target on different receptors are utilized in the treatment of PONV.1 Combination therapy becomes the preferable way to treat PONV and the generally used combination is 5-HT3 receptor antagonists with droperidol or dexamethasone. Granisetron and ondansetron are examples of 5-HT3 or serotonin receptor antagonists. They exert their effects in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and at vagal afferents of the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies showed that no single agent performed exceptionally well than the others of same class as all 5-HT3 antagonists illustrated similar safety and efficacy profile. Yet, a recent meta-analysis which includes 85 randomized controlled, double-blind studies with 15,269 patients involvement had established that the antiemetic effect of granisetron is significantly superior to ondansetron and dolasetron. Ondansetron was also found to be more cost effective than granisetron. 1-2mg of granisetron or 4-8mg of ondansetron can be delivered in intravascular route at the end of surgery for PONV treatment. Long-acting serotonin antagonist with higher binding affinity to 5-HT3 receptors, palonosetron, is also available in the market with a long half-life of about 40 hours. Patients receivin g these agents might experience headache, constipation and dizziness problems. Droperidol is a butyrophenone which acts competitively on central dopaminergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). It is applied in 0.625-1.25mg IV route at the end of surgery. A systematic review of 24 randomized studies was carried out by Schaub and team, they concluded that droperidol decreases PONV incidence regardless of the dose given to patients. However, this drug is only used as a third-line antiemetic for intractable PONV when other alternative treatments failed because droperidol can lead to adverse effects associated with QT prolongation and torsades de points, sedation, anxiety, hypotension and extrapyramidal symptoms. Due to its possibility in causing fatal arrhythmia, electrocardiographic monitoring is compulsory each time upon its usage. Nonetheless, a double-blinded randomized clinical study which included 120 patients stated that there was insufficient evidence to prove the QTc prolongation effect induced by droperidol after surgery. Dexamethasone is classified under corticosteroids and often delivered in a 4 to 5mg one-off dose via IV or IM route.19 The exact mechanism of action is unknown but it is related to the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and its ability to reduce 5-HT turnover in the CNS. Although dexamethasone is not licensed for the indication of PONV, this drug is as effective as other conventional antiemetic drugs like droperidol and serotonin antagonists. A single blinded, randomized-controlled interventional study had illustrated that the administration of dexamethasone is useful for the reduction of PONV episodes (30% in contrast to 70% of the placebo group).20 Moreover, Ormel et al. illustrated that the addition of dexamethasone to droperidol and ondansetron showed a profound amplification in the efficacy profile of these triple agents combination. It stands as a good alternative for PONV treatment due to the advantage of cost-effectiveness issue and its characteristic of long ac tion duration. As dexamethasone can increase plasma glucose level, it is not recommended for diabetic patient. Furthermore, unfavorable side-effect like postoperative euphoria, impaired wound healing, irritability and adrenal suppression can happen in patient taking long-term corticosteroids. Metoclopramide is a gastroprokinetic agent which acts on the D2 receptors of the gastrointestinal tract. It can accelerate the gastric emptying rate of gastroparesis and GI obstruction patients.2,6 Despite blocking the D2 receptors, it also has antagonist action on 5-HT3 receptors in the CTZ and vomiting centre when delivered in high doses. 5 to 20mg dose of metoclopramide in subcutaneous, oral or IV route is commonly taken by patient before meal and before bed.6 This medicine is commonly administered as combination therapy because there is conflicting evidence stating that metoclopramide alone is ineffective for PONV and it should not be use unless the causative factor for PONV is gastric stasis. Yet, a recent meta-analysis has proved that 10mg IV metoclopramide does well in preventing nausea and vomiting problems after the general anaesthesia surgery. As with the phenothiazines discussed below, both drugs have limited use in practice due to the adverse reactions like extrapyramidal effects and dystonia disorder particularly in pediatric and young adults population. Phenothiazines is an example of strong dopamine antagonist which also act on medullary CTZ. Promethazine, prochlorperazine and perphenazine belong to this group and take part in the prophylaxis and treatment of PONV.24 Prochlorperazine is often administered as a 12.5mg deep intramuscular injection or in a 3 to 6mg dose buccal preparation 12 hourly after the surgery. These agents show superior efficacy in treating opioid-induced PONV. However, high-dose metoclopramide and phenothiazines are now less likely used in clinical practice because of their significant side effects like acute dystonic reactions, sedation, dizziness and extrapyramidal symptoms.9,25 A systematic analysis consisting of 19 non-randomized and randomized clinical trials had demonstrated that most studies supported the effectiveness of promethazine in reducing PONV occurrence when compared to placebo and that combination therapy is always preferable and more effective than promethazine alone. Cyclizine is an antihistamine drugs which block the H1 sympathetic pathway in the vomiting centre. The antimuscarinic and antihistamine properties of cyclizine render it to become an antiemetic drug in PONV treatment. A randomised double-blinded study which involved the participations of 960 women had shown that patients who received cyclizine monotherapy showed a slightly greater antiemetic effect than granisetron alone (PONV incidence of 24% with cyclizine compare to 23% in granisetron group).26 Cyclizine can be given orally, intramuscularly or intravenously, with common antimuscarinic side-effects like sedation and dry mouth. Severe heart failure patient should avoid taking this medicine because it leads to detrimental haemodynamic effect.6 The acidic pH of cyclizine at 3.2 also causes pain and irritancy to body upon injection.10 As a result, patients usually have 50mg of cyclizine IV injection every 8 hours after proper dilution. A lower dose of 25mg in oral, IM or IV preparation s can also be applied in elderly patient. Scopolamine has anticholinergic property which inhibits the muscarinic as well as the histaminergic receptors in the vestibular apparatus and the nucleus of the tractus solitarus.3,9 Patients who undergo middle ear surgery or use opioids as postoperative anaesthetics are recommended to take scopolamine for their profound efficacy in reducing PONV.3 Scopolamine requires 2 to 4 hours for onset of duration. Hence, a fast-acting antiemetic or a loading bolus dose is needed in urgent case. It is available in transdermal form as a 1.5mg patch which can be placed behind the ear. This slow-release formulation can have sustained effect up to 72 hours. Apfel C et al. had reported that transdermal scopolamine had significantly reduced the risk of PONV when compared to the placebo group although it has the main side-effects of dry mouth, sedation and visual disturbances.28 Furthermore, a comparative study between the combination use of ondansetron plus scopolamine patch and ondansetron alone als o proved that the earlier group significantly decrease the nausea and vomiting incidence after surgery. Other than a mechanism-based approach, less conventional therapeutic agents can also be used to treat intractable PONV cases. An antidepressant with a novel indication, mirtazapine, is able to ease the nausea and vomiting symptoms because it can antagonize 5-HT3 receptors. A small scale randomized trial which compared the therapeutic outcome of mirtazapine and ondansetron had showed that patients using mirtazapine were less anxious and had fewer PONV episodes than the ondansetron group. Next, olanzapine which is recognized as an atypical antipsychotic drug also proved to have potential in treating PONV. It can inhibit several receptors such as the dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine and 5-HT3 receptors. Ibrahim M et al. had conducted a randomized controlled study which involved 82 surgical patients. The result proved the efficacy and safety profile of olanzapine against PONV especially during the late postoperative stage. Other than medications approach, non-pharmacological interventi ons also show potential therapeutic efficacy in PONV management. Acupuncture, acustimulation or acupressure serves as a good alternative or adjuvant therapy for PONV patients as it shows good tolerability and safety profile. The P6 point (Neiguan) which located at 5cm near to the ventral wrist is the target site of these alternative approaches. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation delivered to the P6 point of the pericardium meridian has been proved to be an efficient way in preventing emesis. Patients only complain of light side-effects like needle fainting, allergy, needle site pain, anxiety or lethargy problems when using this method. In order to solve the labour intensive and time-consuming issues of traditional Chinese acupuncture, the acupressure and acustimulation wristband are introduced in the market (Sea-Band and ReliefBand). Sea-Band applies steady, continuous pressure on the P6 point whereas ReliefBand is a watch-like device which conducts low current to P6 point via electrodes in contact with the skin. Based on the well-established efficacy profile and good evidence-base literature support, healthcare professionals can involve more acupuncture interventions in treatment practice as part of the multimodal approach. In this case, the intractable emesis symptoms experienced by the old woman might indicate the failure of prophylaxis treatment or the need to start a primary antiemetic treatment. Before the initiation of a rescue treatment, a bedside examination and a patient interview should be done to find out whether the PONV symptom is associated to issues such as morphine analgesia, surgical pain management, infection, intestinal obstruction, hypotension, hypoxia, blood in the pharynx, anxiety or removal and insertion of nasogastric tube. 5-HT3 antagonist is the recommended drug for patients who previously do not receive a prophylaxis treatment. Patient can start with a low dose regimen such as ondansetron 1 mg, dolasetron 12.5 mg and granisetron 0.1 mg. If drugs for prophylaxis had been given but fail, patients can then try other class of antiemetics to tackle more diverse receptor pathways. For instance, Habib et al. had found that the failure of prophylactic ondansetron or droperidol can be replaced with rescue agents like promethazine (12.5-25 mg IV), prochloperazine (12.5mg IM) or cyclizine (25-50mg IV or IM) to achieve a better outcome. This is because consensus guideline support that the repeat use of 5-HT3 antagonist within the initial 6 hours postoperative period provides no extra recovery response. If patient use dexamethasone as prevention agent, small dose 5-HT3 antagonist (25% of prophylactic dose) can then be given as a rescue approach. A study also concluded that the cost-effectiven ess of ondansetron in low dose treatment group was higher than that in the high dose prophylatic group. Moreover, in the case of the aggressive treatment failure, such as those who had taken 5-HT3 antagonist, droperidol and dexamethasone altogether but failed, repeat dosing of same prophylactic regimen except dexamethasone can only be considered 6 hours after the surgery though the optimal dosage and timing for readministration still remain unknown. Transdermal scopolamine can also be prescribed for outpatients as it is a more convenient preparation than the parenteral drugs. Prolong use of opioids for pain control after surgery should also be minimized as side-effects like nausea and vomiting are correlated to the prescribed dose. Alternative analgesics like NSAIDS can be used to substitute the causative opioids. In persisting case, pharmacist can review the prescription and anaesthetic charts to ensure adequate maintenance of analgesia, antiemetic and oxygen supply. Dose escalation under safety and therapeutic dosage range can also be worked on. However, pharmacist should be cautious on polypharmacy problem as it may aggravate nausea and vomiting in susceptible patient. Non-oral drug preparations can be considered over oral route to avoid burdening of patient with excessive pills at one time. If necessary, the acupuncture treatment can also be applied to attempt a multimodal approach. Pharmacist should also concern about the possible dehydration risk that might be encountered by chronic PONV patients. For this reason, the blood pressure, hydration and perfusion level of patients have to be checked on a regular basis. Patients should be told to report of symptoms like dry or sticky mouth, sunken eyes, reduced urination or dark yellow urine. If constipation or diarrhea happens, intravenous fluid replacement therapy, osmotic or stimulant laxative can be given to solve the issues. For the dietary measures, patients should avoid oily or spicy food which might aggravate the nausea. Small, frequent meal is preferable over big heavy meal as light meal reduce the possibility of gastric discomfort. Patients should be advised to not move around too often to avoid triggering the vomiting centre. Furthermore, in post-discharged nausea and vomiting (PDNV) case, the antiemetic efficacy profiles are different from PONVs as they have dissimilar underlying cause. Droperidol should be avoided as it is ineffective in treating PDNV.2 If the patient still not responsive to all these approaches, specialist intervention should be initiated to treat intractable nausea and vomiting symptoms. Serious causative factors like surgical complication might be suspected and further investigations are required to treat this disease. In a nutshell, the optimization management of PONV disease requires the participation of the multimodal approach. Patients should be treated accordingly after the accurate disease assessment and further modifications of treatment approaches like (dose-adjustment, introduction of new agents or alternative approaches) can be done to control patients nausea and vomiting symptoms. Lifestyle modification and non-pharmacological interventions also play an important part in treating PONV. Proper patient education about symptoms management should be delivered and follow-up session can be arranged to assess patients rehabilitation progress. Apart from that, reassurance and full supportive care from healthcare teams also play an important role in reducing patient distress and anxiety level.

American Airlines

The involvement of bearable costs is the most prominent reason of irregularity of demand and supply. It means, once handling capability has been shaped, despite the stage of capability consumption, it may require the involvement of huge preventable costs genuinely. In result of this situation, industries face an abnormal demand supply at a cost change due to several economic factors. Additional states of the abnormal situations in demand and supply, concern to the volume of any firm’s capability to the universal market.The focus of the market depend upon the mass of an industry’s ability, more the volume of industry’s ability directly proportional towards the capturing the market. On the other side, the existence of potential consumers is associated with the more delicately isolatable demand. A general airline industry considerably fulfills numerous conditions, essential and adequate, reliable with the arrangement of an empty core. A Scheduled airline works in a sense like to the ocean liner industry. It has at least for limited distances has pre-arranged preventable cost whereas, in large investment regarding in a commercial airplane, shows a ruined cost.Nevertheless, once the industry has dedicated to a meticulous convoy and schedule it cannot alter productivity without acquiring considerable adjustment cost. â€Å"Yet, as emphasized in the opening chapter, airline management is about matching the supply of air services, which management can largely control, with the demand for such services, over which management has much less influence. To be successful in this an airline can be a low-cost operator or a high-cost operator. † (Doganis, 2002) As far as the cost condition of an airline is concerned on the supply side, per mile price goes down as the covers miles increased.Any how, the technological limitations entail that by dipping the capacity of plane, distance covers could be augmented. Similarly, price per traveler depends on t he number of seats packed on a plane lifts up to full competence. Effects of Economic Change And Influential Externalities Recent economic collapse has affected every area and industry of the global economy. Consequently of the externality to airline industry could not be measures easily as yet, because they are linked with different related elements which are in the process of being retained on their past positions.It could be possible that the requirement would descend within an uncertain global market. The constant change in market buying behavior points out that the flexibility of market demand impact is lot more dependable on economic influences and change in international rules and regulations for relevant industries. In an international scenario the perfect flexibility of demand, eradicates the potential barriers for achieving consumer satisfaction. Eventually, any magnitude could be acknowledged by the market at the specified price and there would be remote chances to plug c apacity by aggressive pricing feedback.When externalities are important, there is a need to either enforce solutions or give the preference to the interests of society. It may be done through delegate democratic system or something else. â€Å"Many sources can agree upon the fact that it should not be classified a natural monopoly. The airline industry will continue to swerve up and down according to market conditions, and the same externalities will be in existence. † (Externalities Affecting, 2007). Hence, Political economy means the observations of consequences and means regarding collective choices and benefits that are unlimited to only individual transactions.As far as the thoroughly explained liberal political tradition is concerned, there is a negation found between socialized production and individual decision-making. Wages Inequality Doganis, in his book The Airline Business in the Twenty-First Century, does not feel any difficulty to find out mechanisms which is he lpful to know the government planning regarding sharing wage in the previous race. Economists firmly believed in the policy analysis while other said that there is no need of such mechanism which could brief the rise in wage dissimilarity.They might or may not be able to determine the ups and downs of economics very effectively, due to some lack of training but he, assured bout the existence of mechanism in about every where. Take an example of a Court Judge who was telling workers of Northwest if they would go to prison in case of refusal to toil for the income / wages that the company intended to pay them. Actually, this is not complete speech of the judge; he never intended to pressurize the workers but convinced them that, it was a policy matter. † It is for this reason that controlling labor costs is so crucial for airline managers.In the early years of the 21st century it is the key to cost control because, unlike fuel and other inputs whose prices are externally determi ned, airlines can and must influence their labor costs. † (Connor, 2001) In other case, if Flight Attendant Services Corporation (FASC) which provides services of to other companies, did not accept lower wages offered from Northwest for its workers, then would any judge be able to intimidate the FASC with prison? â€Å"Statistics indicate that wage inequality created a high occurrence of turnover. When the wage increase occurred, the turn over rate reduces, and work efficiency rose.† (Wage Inequality, 2007) In last quarter century, many such examples of The New York Times published news about a potential strike by flight attendants at Northwest Airlines that was blocked partially by a federal Judge and recommended that the management and the workers should have been on table talk. In that case, the company Northwest was suffered in industrial action by the employees. Fiscal & Monetary Policies in the Airlines Industry After the incident of 9/11, the airline industry suf fered in great economic disaster pertaining to decline in number of passengers as well as considerably higher fare.Only few airlines were in profitable condition even before that day year 2001. It was being said that some deregulations caused problems for industry as well as passengers. â€Å"While there has been some relaxation of reporting requirements, consistent with the regulatory reform trend, much data are still filed and available to the public. These records show traffic and revenue, broken down in various ways such as by passengers and cargo, and aircraft statistics. Of course there are balance sheets and income statements.† (Connor, 2001) The under noted analysis will suffice to the some extent about airline deregulation history and possible policy changes that help to develop competition in coming era. Nature of Airline Competition Amalgamation of firms within competitive environment encouraged the growth in the airline industry. As, in 1979, the U. S. airline sho wed a marvelous performance while following the rule of combination with competition. â€Å"In air travel demand estimations, income and prices of other relevant goods should be included in the estimation equation† (Air Travel, 2009)In 1983, Canada maintained her ticket average prices as compare to the U. S. Consumers were suggested a slice of benefit, but some spectators of that time disagreed with the idea that airline rivalry was beneficial for people. By the attack on World Trade Center, the airline industry has been badly affected in respect of its economic and monetary policies. This incident influenced the industry astonishingly in the form of increasing prices in base tickets excluding taxes called September 11th Security Fee. Public preference in flying had been least.People were afraid of this journey or prices of the tickets also created hindrances in deciding to fly. Many airline companies paid-off their workers. The Travel agencies were also facing declining in t heir sales. In shore, these reasons were directly responsible for some airlines ruined. â€Å"The Airline industry continues to be affected by the overall condition of the nation's economy. When healthy spending exists and pleasure travel is frequent, air carriers are able to fill flights, raise prices, and maintain a stable economic environment.† (The Airline, 2008) Passengers are people who came to know factual positions of the airlines regarding uncertainty while flying or steep high fares. In order to deal with any miss-happening occurs, an airline should keep minutely checking its financial position either it could stand longer or not. An airline should make their policies in such way that there is a chance of any amendment according to the circumstance. Conclusion With this above findings we have come to know that the American Airline Industry has changed in a great deal over the last few years.Possible reason for this often related to uncertain international environmen t based on changing buying behavior, security situation and change in mandatory / fiscal policies. If we have security threats in future, we might see heavy down sizing, inflation in rate and other negative economic influences. References American Pilots (2008) â€Å"American Pilots Fight for Return to 1934 Wages with Adjustments† Retrieved On March 23 2009, from, Air Travel (2009) â€Å"Air Travel Demand Elasticities: Concepts, Issues and Measurement†Retrieved On March 23 2009, from, Connor, William E. O’ (2001). An Introduction to Airline Economics. Praeger: Westport, CT. P. 69. Doganis, Rigas. (2002) Flying off Course: The Economics of International Airlines. Routledge: London. P. 180. Doganis, Rigas. (2001) The Airline Business in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge: London, p. 101. Externalities Affecting (2007) â€Å"Externalities Affecting the Airlines Industry† Retrieved On March 23 2009, from, Raghavan, Vedapuri S. & Raghavan Jayathi (2005) Ap plication of core theory to the U. S. Airline industry, Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics. The Airline (2008) â€Å"The Airline Industry: The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policies† Retrieved On March 23 2009, from, Wage Inequality (2007) â€Å"Wage Inequality in the Airlines Industry† Retrieved On March 23 2009, from, American Airlines According to the Chinese Philosopher Xun Zi, Man is really evil in nature and can only be good if he is trained to be one (Co, 1992). This could be a main reason why rehabilitation and harsher punishments were imposed on different prison camps. However, another Chinese Philosopher in the name of Meng Zi tells us the opposite. He tells us that Man is naturally good because he has a sense of pity, right and wrong, truth and falsity, and good end evil.Man is only tempted to commit mistakes because of negligence, wrong environment, and the willful desire to become evil (Co, 1992). This makes us realize that even if they commit mistakes and are proven responsible for that act, no matter how grave it is, they still deserve to be treated as man. Can our current approach to sentencing and corrections be successful and continue? Our current approach to sentencing and corrections can be successful, but not for a very long time as more people clamors for changes in the policies of the correctio nal system.In our present time, we believe that incarceration is the best way to rehabilitate an offender, but we were wrong as other methods can be used like fines, probation, community service, treatments and other sanctions (Stemen, 2007). The report of Mr. Don Stemens (2007) tells us that further intensification of incarceration is not the most effective way to increase safety in the community, since it only has less significant effects, and has greater effects on the taxpayers. From 1985 to 2004, it was recorded to hit a 202 percent increase.In one of the studies, it was even said that higher incarceration rates would mean higher crime rates. Furthermore, crime rate is really influenced by the economy, society, demography, culture, politics and incarceration rates of a county (Stemen, 2007). Still, the Declaration of Principles serves as the foundation of the country’s prison management for 100 years (Mega essays –). This Declaration is the result of the Cincinnat i conference. Things in the crime and punishment system of the United States really changed after liberty in 1970’s.From the introduction of the first American penal colony in Philadelphia in 1870, to the prohibition of cutting body parts and other ways of torturing as a way of punishing the culprits, to the introduction of the Auburn Model, to the beginning of vocational training, education, parole, and the division between the prison cells for young and adult prisoners (Mega essays, n. d. ), the correctional system is doing its best to provide its citizens the security that they need (Raver, 2007).Other innovations would include the medical model of prison management and rebirth of indefinite sentencing. Another discovery is the indeterminate sentence method, where in every five days of good behavior would reduce one day of sentenced imprisonment for the convicted prisoners (Mega essays, n. d. ). As there are only town operated jails before they are the only department that can deal with felons (serious offenders) in the absence of state of federal prisons. Pain through the beating of physical punishments was applied to the prisoners.But instead of using pain, the country’s leaders would now want the convicts to be sanctioned from practicing their liberty (Mega essays, n. d. ). Aside from that, it is true that before, and in some cases, even today, convicted criminals were controlled and punished by intervention, ethical education, and isolation (Mega essays, n. d. ). Isolation would mean that they are not allowed to communicate with others, and will only get a chance to work with others without communicating again when working together in silent labor prison factories, just like what is according to the Auburn Model.The Auburn Model was first implemented in New York State prison. According to the Auburn Model, imprisonment of a convicted culprit must be the period for him or her to let her body and soul dominate that can be achieved through ha bit and regimentation provided by the very authoritative control system. But this did not happen as an environment of slavery was created in the prison camps. (Raver, E 2007). But this is already too much. From the report of Mr. Stemen, he mentioned about the report of Mr. Michael Jacobson, the Director of the Vera Institute of Justice.Mr. Jacobson said that harsher punishments and strengthened rules for imprisonment will decrease the threat imposed by the increase in crime rates. Insufficiency of the date is not a problem as they now have sufficient data to support their claim. When that time comes, then it would be easy for policy makers to understand complex policies. A 10 percent increase in the number of incarcerations would only decrease 2 to 4% decrease. From 1970 to 2005, an increase of 628 percent in the construction of state and federal institutions was reported, with a number of 1.5 Million incarcerated criminals in U. S prisons and 750, 000 persons imprisoned in local ja ils per day. 5. 6 Million of the U. S population experienced being in prison. From 1992 to 1997, it was recorded to have a 25% effect in reduction of crimes, and the rest was caused by other reasons (Stemen, 2007). If they really want to reduce the crime rate, governments must focus on the increase in the number of police per capita, real wage rates, and education, and the decrease in unemployment rate (Stemen, 2007). Will rehabilitation continue as a primary correctional goal?Because on the belief of the efficacy of incarceration in the rehabilitation of prisoners, it is expected that more prison camps will be constructed which will come largely from the revenue collected by the states to go to this objective. In the 21st century, more funds are reserved for the construction of new penal colonies. In fact nowadays, they are more than the churches and the schools (Raver, 2007). The plan is that penal colonies will now provide different facilities that will further promote the rehabi litation of adult prisoners and for juvenile delinquents as well.Just like the North West Ohio Juvenile Detention, Training and Rehabilitation Center that has individual detention cells, control room, multi-purpose room, classrooms, intake area, nurse clinic, gymnasium, library, and a secured outdoor recreation area (Patrick, 2007). This will help the juveniles to develop their skills and talents while serving their sentence, so that once they are released, they will be able to help their community, the country. They have a highly structured curriculum where in the teachers are licensed by the Ohio Department of Education.There is an admission exam that will test their knowledge in math, science, and the language arts. This is for the placement in the Center’s computer based education curriculum. There is also the Accelerated reader program that will uphold their reading comprehension level that is suitable and proper to them. The Centre also has one hour per day organized gr oup large muscle activity that that follows the 5139-37-18 of the Ohio Administrative Code. Aside form this. There are one hour additional recreational activities, calisthenics, and leisure activities. Group sessions and total family sessions were also held.Aside from that, they conduct mental health assessments, and counseling. But according to the findings of Senator Whitmire and Rep. Madden, the real problem of the increase in crime rate is no other than the faulty and weak criminal justice policies and practices (high revocation rates of probationers, lack of in-prison or community-based treatment and diversion options, and low parole grant rate). They think that what was done in the past is already enough. They think that the money should be more spent on more quality projects that the population can enjoy.Their goal is to lessen the expenses appropriated by the federal government in constructing too many prisons (The PEW Center on the States, 2008). The two legislators do not believe in building more prisons. For them, what is important is to treat the drug addicts, alcoholics, and to those individuals on parole and on probation that are having some difficult time coping with problems, this will prevent them to go out of the prison and eventually commit the same crime, or commit a new one (The PEW Center on the States 2008).Legislators instead must pass bills that will give correction agencies computers that will have Compstat program that will be used to trace their caseloads (Public Safety Performance 2007). Presently, more and more correctional agencies are emerging in the idea that they can help in the progress of public safety thru helping the offenders to complete their period of rehabilitation (The PEW Center of the States 2007). The expansion of the country’s prison system does not actually decrease crime rate if their aim is to only imprison many of the citizens without really reducing the rate of criminal offenses.It is said that incarce ration is the best way to avoid one from doing crimes, but is not effective in punishing and debilitating those persons, but it works (Stemen, 2007). For example, it said that the imprisonment of drug criminals will defeat the purpose and efficacy of this system to decrease the crime rate. Its predominantly negative implication on drug criminals were also reported (Stemen, 2007). Will supervision of offenders in the community change on approach? What should be focused on is to provide the centers with different facilities where they can mold their talent, skills, etc.where they can use when they go out. In the Pennsylvania system, guards have a complete supervision of the prisoners in the centers (Mega essays, n. d. ). We cannot prevent that there might be some special incidents that can happened in the detention place, like acts of aggression, disorderly behavior, attempts of the juvenile to harm himself, and threats in security. This is where the guards are most needed. In 2007, i t is recorded that there were 40 special incidents in the North West Ohio Juvenile Detention. But before doing all of this, they must first provide solution to the correctional system first.The Correctional system has different problems like its rising cost, the overcrowding of prison cells and the increased hazard for both the inmates and the correctional personnel (Raver, 2007). For example in Texas, they will have to a lot additional $900 million to add more beds in prison camps (The PEW Center on the States, 2008). Some of the solutions given to these problems were the following: First, prohibit the unsupervised release of the prisoners just to solve the overcrowding of convicts in the prison cells. This will rather increase the risk of the security of the citizens.It will be appropriate to have it supervised. In this way, the rehabilitation of the prisoner and the security of the community will not be at stake. When we say rehabilitation, this would include counseling, therapy and traditional probation (Raver, 2007). Second, White collar criminals or non-violent offenders do not need to be imprisoned anymore. This will only occupy space, and waste the money of the government (Raver, 2007). The parole system does not only let ex-convicts to enjoy a free life. Even if these people were already outside, the authorities still monitors them (Mega essays, n. d. ).They need to make sure that they will completely supervise them, just to prevent those persons to repeat their crimes, or to do another crime. But of course, this will not be easy for the released prisoners. But if this will not be prevented, if they commit the same mistakes, or does a new crime, it is important that the following must be considered first: the degree of the crime committed, the danger it imposed to the community, and the cost. Senior administrators must be there to review the violation, and most importantly issue policy and guidelines for responding to these parole related violations ( The PEW Center of the States, 2007).Those under parole will find it very hard to earn some money and to find a permanent job because employers’ sets high standards that in some point they were not able to meet or they are just discriminated and pre-judged. If not, they are just limited to some certain dirty jobs, thus some of them would find solution by venturing into illegal jobs (Stemen 2007). Once again, the role of the authorities is important, especially the policy makers. Prison-based education programs will not only help the prisoners to change themselves, but it can also serve as a tool to prepare them before going inside and join their community.Another one is for the policy makers to train better probation and parole officers (Stemen 2007). Do we need a new paradigm for sentencing and corrections? It is suggested that the kind of system that the United States have must be re-examined and re-evaluated based on its total performance (Raver, E 2007) The prison system i n the eyes of the convicts is inefficient in terms of really playing its purpose because of some hostilities inside the penal colonies which should not happen.The facility should train, educate, and mold the person to a person that is ready to face the challenges if the time comes that he’ll leave the prison. But this is not what is really happening in these places (Raver, 2007). Community corrections agency are expected to produce report at least once a month, but instead the report contains only a list of their activities annually. Community corrections agency is expected that they should have a system to determine and manage movement towards the prevention of crime and addiction.They should not only monitor the progress of paroled person, and the individual managers in their effort to promote the achievement of their objectives. Incentives will also be given to managers and staff (Public Safety Performance, 2007). So far, it is said that the United States has the highest r ate of incarceration amounting to 450 people for each 100, 000 people (Mega essays, n. d. ). The effects of increased incarceration rates will still be affected by different factors such as the range of in state prisons population, which has actually less effect and crime rate (Stemen, 2007).In Florida, both the rate of crime rate, and the rate of incarceration increased, that eventually destroys the society, especially the family, steals the time of some imprisoned parents to take care of their children, and can also take the present and future income of the community where this people belong, and would only cater to the feeling of bitterness towards the present legal system, thus overall creating social disorder that makes way for the further push of crime rates in a higher level (Stemen, 2007).The North West Ohio Juvenile Detention, Training and Rehabilitation Center accepts into its custody those delinquents that is physically and emotionally threatened or hurt, run away child, abandoned child, and or is ordered by court, as stated in the Rule 7 of the Ohio Ruled of Juvenile Procedure. Other private institutions and groups that give leadership training and change for the youth, family, and the community, should increase their role in this issue. What the government cannot provide, they can supply (Stemen, 2007).What the citizens think now is to make some policies that will quickly respond to the real cause of crime and not just simply facing it. In a survey in 1994, 48% believes on this, that later on increased by 2001 reaching a rate of 65%. On the other hand, 42% believe that using a harsher sentence will decrease crime rate, and became 32% in 2001 (Stemen, 2007). They suggest that authorities must reconsider their thoughts about incarceration, that they must consider more the mentioned aspects in policy making (Stemen 2007).Can we reduce the impact of prisonization and improve the successful reentry of prisoners to the community? Yes we can. Treatment o f services, conditions and intensity of supervision, release, and responses to violations are appropriately assigned which paves the way for an increase in crime rate because of its inefficiency. They should be supervised heavy-handedly grave offenders, and light-handedly on those light offenders, with no intensive interventions included (The PEW Center of the States, 2007).But the establishment of institutions like The Bureau of Federal Prisons, and structures like Alcatraz were primarily built as a way to decrease the crime rate in the country, and to make sure that the most dangerous criminals are caught and kept imprisoned. This is the only way that the federal government can answer the challenge of those big time criminals who have more power and weapons than the law enforcers (Raver, 2007). The common problem for those freed convicted criminals is that they were viewed by others as a threat or danger to the peace and orderliness of the community.Some of them are always impriso ned, whether they commit another crime, or they repeat what they did. The people from the community believe that instead of changing into a better person, which should be the real purpose of imprisonment, they only got worst inside, which reflects the people’s disappointment in the country’s correctional system (Raver, 2007). Policy makers should have a statistics of the percentage of those who were revoked for violating the rules of their parole, and the percentage of those who were revoked for committing new crimes.Judges, the parole board and the agency must be well coordinated in order to prepare the prisoner for the world outside the prison and detention center. They should continuously promote the prevention of crime, and not just the revocation of supervision (The PEW Center of the States, 2007). It is also said that consequences for different violations are not maximized. Policy makers must make sure that every violation is faced with an appropriate punishment. It is said that in order for supervision agencies to react appropriately to the needs of the culprit, they must have community based services and sanctions.They can use electronic monitoring or day reporting centers (The PEW Center of the States, 2007). Aside from providing the needed facilities for the prisoners, they must, at the same time, evaluate the third generation instruments that can unchangeable and changeable. It is concluded in one report that rewards are more effective than penalties in molding one’s behavior (The PEW Center of the States 2007). They can also use incentives that will encourage the prisoners to comply with the conditions and to prohibit themselves from doing another crime or repeating the crime again.It can be in a form of gift, certificates, reducing the treatment requirements, and minimal supervision (The PEW Center of the States 2007). References Co, Alfredo P. , 1992, Philosophy of China: The Blooming of a Hundred Flowers, Manila, Philippines : University of Santo Tomas. Mega essays. , –, American Corrections†¦A History. Available from: Patrick, Brian, 2007, North West Ohio Juvenile Detention, Training, and Rehabilitation Center Annual Report 2007 Available from: Public Safety Performance, July 2007, You Get What You Measure: Compstat for Community Corrections No. 1. Available from: Raver, Edward, 2007, Understanding the American corrections system. Available from; Stemen, Don, January 2007, Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime. Available from: < http://www. vera. org/publication_pdf/379_727.pdf The PEW Center on the States, January 2008, Changing Direction: a Bipartisan Team Paves a New Path for sentencing and Corrections in Texas No. 4. Available from: The PEW Center of the States, November 2007, When Offenders Break the Rules: Smart Responses to Parole and Probation Violations. Available from: >